Abstract

Domestic work has gendered meaning and content of both masculinity and femininity is strongly embedded in the cultural context. In our article, across three studies we analyse the perception of household duties and their division between partners in two countries differing with regard to gender equality levels: Norway and Poland. In our Study 1, Polish (N = 64, 40 women, M_{many years} = ) and Norwegian (N = 45, 27 women, M_age = ) students rated the typicality of domestic duties for women and men in Poland and in Norway. Our results show that feminine-typed or masculine-typed household duties are perceived as less gendered in Norway than in Poland. In the second Study, using a sample consisting of students and internet users from Poland (N = 207, 92 women, M_age = ) and Norway (N = 126, 85 women, M_age = (SD = ), we investigated whether there are Polish-Norwegian differences with regard to willingness to be more involved in household obligations. Overall, Norwegian men and women were more willing to perform household tasks. This result also found confirmation in results obtained with larger representative samples in Study 3. Using European Social Survey records of 889 Poles (429 women, M_age = ) and 990 Norwegians (452 women, M_age = ) we compared data concerning men’s and women’s perception of their and their partners’ contribution to housework. Our results show that cultural context can relate to the perception of household duties that are perceived more gender-neutral in Norway than in Poland.

Inclusion

Dudes across the societies was under pressure to help you comply with norms such as because the institution, popularity, quest for highest social status, and to start with reduction away from femininity (Berent mais aussi al. 2015; Mahalik ainsi que al. 2003). Hence getting Ressurser a part of domestic tasks are not reported to be good mans employment however, a good female’s job, hence men shouldn’t participate in (Poortman and Van der Lippe 2009; Bosson and you will Vandello 2013). The brand new extent to which cleaning is just as split up between female and dudes hinges on the amount of gender equality in certain country. Into the places which have large amounts of gender equivalence, everyone manage a great deal more comparable opportunities about people and you can it’s more common for men are occupied with home-based functions than in places that have down gender equivalence (Glick & Fiske, 2001; Timber and you will Eagly 2012). Since the posited from the biosocial construction design, cultural viewpoints regarding gender opportunities correspond with people’s findings of your factors of women and you may men inside their area, ergo if individuals observe feminine caring for people and you will starting house errands then they think ladies are a lot more ideal for performing residential really works than dudes (Eagly and you will Steffen 1984; Wood and you will Eagly 2012). These types of gender role inferences, in turn, give sex-classified choices that is also manifested from inside the ladies’ and you may men’s room readiness and you may responsibility to get involved in residential works – medical results inevitably reveal that irrespective of gender equivalence levels of the world, extremely house bargaining looks like which have female becoming more guilty of cleaning (Coltrane 2000; Ehrenberg mais aussi al. 2001; Fuwa 2004).

Discrepancy between men’s and you will women’s display inside the house tasks comprises an effective visible gender gap throughout the members of the family. So it gap is particularly visible when job is grouped in masculine-composed and female-composed housework (Schneider 2012). According to Tai and Treas (2013), there is certainly almost universal division off errands on the male-had written (grass work, minor fixes) and you may women-typed works (elizabeth.g. laundry, cleaning, ill care) considering data of thirty two regions. Aforementioned selection of obligations contains errands, being highly precluded by guys (Treas and Tai 2010), while they is seen as big date-sipping and you can dull, as opposed to male-penned employment eg household repairs, vehicles fix, lawn really works which can be considered way more leisure and you can episodic (Bianchi mais aussi al. 2006). Apart from the biosocial design design (Timber and Eagly 2012), a new possible reason why dudes usually avoid creating feminine-published affairs is the concern about not being considered macho enough. Penis is created like service and you will a keen anti-womanliness mandate hence discourages guys getting working in situations and this is actually women and you can communal including childcare and you will domestic performs (Bosson and you can Vandello 2013; Caswell mais aussi al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka et al. 2016b; Schneider 2012). To prevent cleaning are going to be therefore a good way in which guys compensate for dangers on the masculinity and get away from negative assessment off their neighborhood members which expect guys to be manly and you can avoid feminine opportunities (Caswell ainsi que al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka et al. 2016b). Consequently, masculine partners do not consume enough share away from gendered household financial obligation, which could allow female become a great deal more apparent throughout the labor b).